![]() ![]() Some registers are directly accessible from machine code, like ebx in the earlier diagram. Each CPU architecture has a fixed set of registers, used for everything from storing temporary values during computations to configuring the processor. Registers are small storage buckets that are extremely fast for the CPU to read and write to. This instruction pointer is stored in a register. Some instructions can tell the instruction pointer to jump somewhere else instead, or jump different places depending on a certain condition this makes reusable code and conditional logic possible. That’s why code runs! The instruction pointer just keeps chugging forward, executing machine code in the order in which it has been stored in memory. This is the fetch-execute cycle.Īfter executing an instruction, the pointer moves forward to immediately after the instruction in RAM so that it now points to the next instruction. After executing each instruction, the CPU moves the pointer and repeats. The CPU stores an instruction pointer which points to the location in RAM where it’s going to fetch the next instruction. The CPU always reads machine code directly from RAM, and code can’t be run if it isn’t loaded into RAM. That includes the program code itself as well as the code at the core of the operating system. RAM is your computer’s main memory bank, a large multi-purpose space which stores all the data used by programs running on your computer. The remaining bytes are 512 ( 0x200) in little-endian byte order.ĭefuse Security created a helpful tool for playing around with the translation between assembly and machine code. ![]() The first byte ( 05) is an opcode specifically representing adding the EAX register to a 32-bit number. For example, add eax, 512 translates to 05 00 02 00 00. Assembly is a helpful syntax for reading and writing machine code that’s easier for humans to read and write than raw bits it is always compiled to the binary that your CPU knows how to read.Īn aside: instructions aren’t always represented 1:1 in machine code as in the above example. What we call machine code is nothing but a series of these binary instructions in a row. The “instructions” that CPUs execute are just binary data: a byte or two to represent what instruction is being run (the opcode), followed by whatever data is needed to run the instruction. It was a 4-bit architecture instead of the 64-bit systems we use today, and it was far less complex than modern processors, but a lot of its simplicity does still remain. The first mass-produced CPU was the Intel 4004, designed in the late 60s by an Italian physicist and engineer named Federico Faggin. It starts chugging as soon as you start your computer, executing instruction after instruction after instruction. The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is in charge of all computation. Let’s start with the basics of how your computer works at its very core. This simplicity is very beautiful and sometimes very, very cursed. It’s still hard for me not to psych myself out, expecting more complexity or abstraction than actually exists! If there’s one thing you should burn into your brain before continuing, it’s that everything that seems simple actually is that simple. In no case it should not be confused with “encryption” and “decryption” which are used to protect data, while Base64 doesn’t offer any protection.The one thing that surprised me over and over again while writing this article was how simple computers are. And since we are talking about terms, remember that the conversation of text to Base64 is called “encoding” and the reverse process is called “decoding”. However, from a technical point of view, this process is called “conversation”, therefore, never call it a “Base64 translator”. Well, by and large, it really “translates” the text into another form. It may seem funny, but some people call the “Base64 converter” a “Base64 translator”. Nevertheless, if you’re missing some Base64 encoding or decoding features, please let me know. I hope that I managed to develop all the necessary converters that meet your needs. They are also simple and free, but they are sharpened for certain tasks. If so, please check the following online convertors. Perhaps this option does not suit your needs, and you want to encode text or decode Base64 using other variations of this algorithm. Please note that this Base64 converter supports only “main standard” and decodes the data in strict mode. Text Base64 Encode text to Base64 Decode Base64 to text Guru A virtual teacher who reveals to you the great secrets of Base64 ![]()
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